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Theoretical Papers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38<\/em>, 319-345.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Steil, R., Clohessy, S., Wenninger, K., & Winter, H. (2002). The nature of intrusive memories after trauma: The warning signal hypothesis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40<\/em>, 995\u20131002.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A. & Michael, T. (2004). Intrusive reexperiencing in posttraumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy. Memory<\/em>, 12<\/em>, 403-415.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., & Steil, R. (1995). Maintenance of Intrusive Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cognitive Approach. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy<\/i>, 23<\/i>(3), 217\u2013249. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Treatment guidance, outcome and process studies<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Smith, P., Ehlers, A., Carr, E., Clark, D. M., Dalgleish, T., Forbes, G., Goldsmith, K., Griffiths, H., Gupta, M., King, D., Miles, S., Plant, D. T., Smith, A., Steward, J., Yule, W., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2025). Early-stage randomised controlled trial of therapist-supported online cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in young people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Advance Online Publication.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.14124<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kerr, J., Lorenz, H., Sadler, S., Roberts, V., Steel, C., Thew, G. (2025). \u201cYou never know who you\u2019re gonna speak to\u201d: Exploring Psychological Wellbeing Practitioners’ Experiences of Assessing Traumatic Events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 18.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1754470X25000170<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thew, G. R., Warnock-Parkes, E., El-Leithy, S., Young, K., Grey, N., Smith, K. V., Tyson, G., Daraei, F., Wild, J., Graham, B., Thwaites, R., Grant, S., Kerr, A., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2024). Enhancing your delivery of cognitive therapy for PTSD: a celebration of the work of Hannah Murray. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist<\/em>, 17<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1754470X24000370<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Penington, E., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Grey, N., Murray, H., Kerr, A., Stott, R., Rozental, A., Andersson, G., Clark, D. M., Tsiachristas, A., & Ehlers, A. (2024). Cost-effectiveness of therapist-assisted internet-delivered psychological therapies for PTSD differing in trauma focus in England: an economic evaluation based on the STOP-PTSD trial. The Lancet. Psychiatry<\/em>, 11<\/em>(5), 339\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00055-5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lundin, J., Jansson-Fr\u00f6jmark, M., Gustafsson-Bj\u00f6rverud, L., Grey, N., Santoft, F., Ehlers, A., Carlbring, P., Lundgren, T., Bragesj\u00f6, M., & Salomonsson, S. (2024). Integrating digital and in-person therapy for PTSD: feasibility and acceptability of blended trauma-focused cognitive therapy in routine care. Frontiers in psychiatry<\/em>, 15<\/em>, 1447651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1447651<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wiedemann, M., Janecka, M., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Stott, R., Grey, N., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2023). Changes in cognitive processes and coping strategies precede changes in symptoms during cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy<\/em>, 169<\/em>, 104407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104407<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wild, J., Duffy, M., & Ehlers, A. (2023). Moving forward with the loss of a loved one: Treating PTSD following traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist,<\/em> 16<\/em>, E12. doi:10.1017\/S1754470X23000041<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kerr, A., Warnock-Parkes, E., Murray, H., Wild, J., Grey, N., Green, C., Clark, D. M.. Ehlers, A. (2023). Cognitive therapy for PTSD following birth trauma and baby loss: Clinical considerations. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist,<\/em> 16<\/em>, E23. doi:10.1017\/S1754470X23000156<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thew, G. R., Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2023). Early intervention in post-traumatic stress disorder without exposure to trauma memories using internet-delivered cognitive therapy: A pilot case series. The British journal of clinical psychology<\/em>, 62<\/em>(2), 459\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12419<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smith, K., & Ehlers, A. (2023). Coping strategies as a causal mediator of the effect of loss-related memory characteristics and negative loss-related appraisals on symptoms of PGD, PTSD and depression. Psychological Medicine,<\/em> 53<\/em>(4), 1542-1551. doi:10.1017\/S0033291721003123<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Wild, J.,  Warnock-Parkes, E., Grey, N., Murray, H., Kerr, A., Rozental, A., Thew, G., Janecka, M., Beierl, E., Tsiachristas, A., Perera-Salazar, R., Andersson, G., Clark, D. M. (2023). Therapist-assisted online psychological therapies differing in trauma focus for post-traumatic stress disorder (STOP-PTSD): a UK-based, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 10, 608-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00181-5<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Graham, B., & Ehlers, A. (2023). Development and Validation of the Bullied Cognitions Inventory (BCI).\u00a0Cognitive Therapy and Research<\/em>,\u00a047<\/em>(6), 1033\u20131045. doi:10.1007\/s10608-023-10412-6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smith, P., Ehlers, A., Carr, E., Clark, D. M., Dalgleish, T., Forbes, G., Goldsmith, K., Griffiths, H., Gupta, M., King, D., Miles, S., Plant, D., Yule, W., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2022). Therapist-supported online cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young people: protocol for an early-stage, parallel-group, randomised controlled study (OPTYC trial). BMJ open<\/em>, 12<\/em>(3), e054852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054852<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charquero-Ballester, M., Kleim, B., Vidaurre, D., Ruff, C., Stark, E., Tuulari, J. J., McManners, H., Bar-Haim, Y., Bouquillon, L., Moseley, A., Williams, S. C. R., Woolrich, M. W., Kringelbach, M. L., & Ehlers, A. (2022). Effective psychological therapy for PTSD changes the dynamics of specific large-scale brain networks. Human brain mapping<\/em>, 43<\/em>(10), 3207\u20133220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25846<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murray, H., Grey, N., Warnock-Parkes, E., Kerr, A., Wild, J., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2022). Ten misconceptions about trauma-focused CBT for PTSD. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist,<\/em> 15<\/em>, E33. doi:10.1017\/S1754470X22000307<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murray, H., Kerr, A., Warnock-Parkes, E., Wild, J., Grey, N., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2022). What do others think? The why, when and how of using surveys in CBT.\u00a0The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist,<\/em>\u00a015<\/em>, E42. doi:10.1017\/S1754470X22000393<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murray, H., & Ehlers, A. (2021). Cognitive therapy for moral injury in post-traumatic stress disorder. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist,<\/em> 14<\/em>, E8. doi:10.1017\/S1754470X21000040<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beierl, E. T., B\u00f6llinghaus, I., Clark, D. M., Glucksman, E., & Ehlers, A. (2020). Cognitive paths from trauma to posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective study of Ehlers and Clark’s model in survivors of assaults or road traffic collisions. Psychological Medicine<\/em>, 50<\/em>(13), 2172\u20132181. doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719002253<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murray, H., Grey, N., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Kerr, A., Clark, D.M., Ehlers, A. (2020). Cognitive Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder following Critical Illness and Intensive Care Unit Admission. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist<\/em>. doi: 10.1017\/S1754470X2000015X <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Murray, H., Kerr, A., Thew, G., Grey, N., Clark, D.M. & Ehlers, A. (2020). Treating posttraumatic Stress Disorder Remotely with Cognitive Therapy for PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/em>, 11:1, 1785818  doi: 10.1080\/20008198.2020.1785818<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wiedemann, M., Stott, N., Nickless, A., Beierl, E.T., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Grey, N., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2020). Cognitive processes associated with sudden gains in cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in routine care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical  Psychology, 88<\/em>, 455-469. <\/em>doi: 10.1037\/ccp0000488<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meiser\u2010Stedman, R., Smith, P., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Trickey, D., Ehlers, A., \u2026 Dalgleish, T. (2017). Cognitive therapy as an early treatment for post\u2010traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial addressing preliminary efficacy and mechanisms of action. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines<\/i>, 58<\/i>(5), 623\u2013633. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woodward, E., Hackmann, A., Wild, J., Grey, N., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2017). Effects of psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder on sleep disturbances: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/i>, 97<\/i>, 75\u201385. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lommen, M. J. J., Duta, M., Vanbrabant, K., de Jong, R., Juechems, K. & Ehlers, A. (2017)\u00a0Training discrimination diminishes maladaptive avoidance of innocuous stimuli in a fear conditioning paradigm. PLOS ONE 12(10)\u00a0<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Grey, N., Stott, R., Wiedemann, M., Canvin, L., \u2026 Ehlers, A. (2016). Internet-delivered cognitive therapy for PTSD: a development pilot series. European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/i>, 7<\/i><\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lommen, M. J. J., Grey, N., Clark, D. M., Wild, J., Stott, R., & Ehlers, A. (2016). Sleep and treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder: Results from an effectiveness study. Depression and Anxiety<\/i>, 33<\/i>(7), 575\u2013583. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Ehlers, A., Foa, E. B., Hasan, A., Mwiti, G., \u2026 Yule, W. (2016). Culture-sensitive psychotraumatology. European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/i>, 7<\/i><\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brady, F., Warnock-Parkes, E., Barker, C., & Ehlers, A. (2015). Early in-session predictors of response to trauma-focused cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/i>, 75<\/i>, 40\u201347. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E. B., Gersons, B. P. R., Resick, P. A., \u2026 Cloitre, M. (2015). Psychotherapies for PTSD: what do they have in common? European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/i>, 6<\/i><\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Liness, S., Albert, I., … Clark, D.M. (2014). A Randomised Controlled Trial of 7-day Intensive and Standard Weekly Cognitive Therapy for PTSD and Emotion-Focused Supportive Therapy. Am J Psychiatry, 171<\/em>(3), 294-304.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freeman, D., Antley, A., Ehlers, A., Dunn, G., Thompson, C., Vorontsova, N., \u2026 Slater, M. (2014). The Use of Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) to Predict the Occurrence 6 Months Later of Paranoid Thinking and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Assessed by Self-Report and Interviewer Methods: A Study of Individuals Who Have Been Physically Assaulted.\u00a0Psychological Assessment<\/i>,\u00a026<\/i>(3), 841\u2013847.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Stott, R., Liness, S., Deale, A., \u2026 Clark, D. M. (2013). Implementation of Cognitive Therapy for PTSD in routine clinical care: Effectiveness and moderators of outcome in a consecutive sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/i>, 51<\/i>(11), 742\u2013752. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Grey, N., Wild, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Stott, R., Hackmann, A., \u2026 Ehlers, A. (2013). Cognitive Change Predicts Symptom Reduction With Cognitive Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/i>, 81<\/i>(3), 383\u2013393.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Mauchnik, J., & Handley, R. (2012). Reducing unwanted trauma memories by imaginal exposure or autobiographical memory elaboration: An analogue study of memory processes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry<\/i>, 43<\/i>(Suppl 1), S67\u2013S75. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Bisson, J., Clark, D. M., Creamer, M., Pilling, S., Richards, D., \u2026 Yule, W. (2010). Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder? Clinical Psychology Review<\/i>, 30<\/i>(2), 269\u2013276. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Liness, S., Wild, J., \u2026 McManus, F. (2010). Intensive Cognitive Therapy for PTSD: A Feasibility Study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy<\/i>, 38<\/i>(4), 383\u2013398. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2010). Self-study assisted cognitive therapy for PTSD: a case study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/i>, <\/mark>1<\/mark><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brewin, C.R., Fuchkan, N., Huntley, Z., Robertson, M., Scragg, P., Thompson, M., d\u2019Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2010). Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: usage and outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 40<\/em>, 2049\u20132057. doi: 10.1017\/S0033291710000206.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brewin, C. R., Scragg, P., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., d\u2019 Ardenne, P., & on behalf of the Psychosocial Steering Group, London Bombings Trauma Response Programme, A. (2008). Promoting Mental Health Following the London Bombings: A Screen and Treat Approach. Journal of Traumatic Stress<\/i>, 21<\/i>(1), 3\u20138. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Gene-Cos, N., & Perrin, S. (2009). Low recognition of posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. London Journal of Primary Care, 2, <\/em>36-42.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Handley, R., Salkovskis, P., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Treating clinically significant avoidance of public transport following the London Bombings. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy<\/em>, 37<\/em>, 87-93. doi: 10.1017\/S1352465808004943<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bisson, J., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190<\/em>, 97-104.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duffy, M, Gillespie, K., & Clark, D.M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal<\/em>, doi:10.1136\/bmj.39021.846852.BE<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speckens, A.E.M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D.M. (2006). Changes in intrusive memories associated with imaginal reliving in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20,<\/em> 328-341.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M. (2005).  Cognitive therapy for PTSD: development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/em>, 43<\/em>, 413-431.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., Speckens, A. & Clark, D.M. (2004). Characteristics and content of intrusive memories in PTSD and their changes with treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, <\/em>231-240.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Hackmann, A., McManus F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C. & Mayou, R. (2003).  A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, self-help booklet, and repeated assessment as early interventions for PTSD. Archives of General Psychiatry,<\/em> 60<\/em>, 1024 \u20131032.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003).  Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress?  Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4<\/em>, 45-79.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gillespie, K., Duffy, M., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2002). Community based cognitive therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder following the Omagh bomb. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40<\/em>, 345-357.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mayou, R.A., Ehlers, A., & Hobbs, M. (2000). A three-year follow-up of psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176<\/em>, 589-593.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Dunmore, E.B., Jaycox, L., Meadows, E. & Foa, E.B. (1998). Predicting response to exposure in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11<\/em>, 457-471.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A. & Murray, H. L. (2020). Cognitive therapy. In C.A. Courtois & J.D. Ford (Eds.),
Treating complex traumatic stress disorders (adults): Scientific foundations and therapeutic models<\/em>, 2nd ed. (pp. 226-248). New York: Guilford Press.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predicting PTSD after trauma<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Beierl, E.T., B\u00f6llinghaus, I., Clark, D.M., Glucksman, E. & Ehlers, A.   (2019). Cognitive paths from trauma to posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective study of Ehlers and Clark\u2019s model in survivors of assaults or road traffic collisions. Psychological Medicine<\/em>.  DOI: 10.1017\/S0033291719002253<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haag, K., Hiller, R., Peyk, P., Michael, T., Meiser-Stedman, R., Fearon P., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S. (2019). A longitudinal examination of heart rate and heart rate variability as risk markers for child posttraumatic stress symptoms in an acute injury sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. <\/em>DOI: 10.1007\/s10802-019-00553-2<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hiller, R.M., Creswell, <\/sup>C., Meiser-Stedman, <\/sup>R., Lobo, S., Cowdrey, F., Lyttle, M.D., Ehlers, A., Murray, L., & Halligan, S.L. (2018). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between trauma-related cognitive factors and internalising and externalising psychopathology in injured children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, <\/em>DOI: 10.1007\/s10802-018-0477-8<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hiller, R.M., Meiser-Stedman,  <\/sup>R., Lobo, S., Creswell, C., Fearon, P., Ehlers, A., Murray, <\/sup>L., & Halligan, S.L. (2018). A longitudinal investigation of the role of parental responses in predicting children\u2019s posttraumatic distress. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. <\/em>DOI: 10.1111\/jcpp.12846<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Horn, A.B., Kraehenmann, R., Mehl, R.M., & Ehlers, A. (2018). Early linguistic markers of trauma-specific processing indicate vulnerability for later chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Frontiers Psychiatry, 9, <\/em>645. DOI: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00645<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haag, C., Robinaugh, D.J., Ehlers, A. & Kleim, B. (2017). Understanding emergence of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder through acute stress symptom networks. JAMA Psychiatry, 74. 649-650. DOI:10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0788.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wild, J., Smith, K., Thompson, E., Bear, F., Lommen, M., & Ehlers, A (2016). A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Psychological Medicine, <\/em>46, 2571-2582.  DOI: 10.1017\/S0033291716000532<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2014). Does rumination mediate the relationship between emotional regulation ability and posttraumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/em>. 5<\/em>, 23547 doi: 10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23547 PMID: 25206955 WOS: 000341136500001<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duffy M, Bolton D, Gillespie K, Ehlers A, Clark DM (2013) A Community Study of the Psychological Effects of the Omagh Car Bomb on Adults. PLoS ONE 8(9)<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freeman, D, Thompson, C., Vorontsova, N., Dunn, G., Carter, L.A., Garety, P., Kuipers, E., Slater, M., Antley, A., Glucksman, E., & Ehlers, A. (2013). Paranoia and post-traumatic stress disorder in the months after physical assault: A longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors. Psychological Medicine<\/em>, 43<\/em>, 2673-2684. doi: 10.1017\/S003329171300038X.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2012). Investigating Cognitive Pathways to Psychopathology: Predicting Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder From Early Responses After Assault. Psychological Trauma<\/i>, 4<\/i>(5), 527\u2013537. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Ehring, T, & Ehlers, A. (2012). Perceptual processing advantages for trauma-related visual cues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, <\/em>42, 173-181. doi:10.1017\/S0033291711001048.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2011). Enhanced Priming for Trauma-Related Words Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/i>, 120<\/i>(1), 234\u2013239. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Suendermann, O., Boellinghaus, I., Vossbeck-Elsebusch, A., Gamer, M., Briddon, E., \u2026 Glucksman, E. (2010). Heart rate responses to standardized trauma-related pictures in acute posttraumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology<\/i>, 78<\/i>(1), 27\u201334. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Wilhelm, F., Glucksman, E., & Ehlers, A.  (2010). Sex differences in heart rate responses to script-driven imagery soon after trauma and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine<\/em>, 72<\/em>, 917\u2013924. doi: 10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181f8894b.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcndermann, O., Ehlers, A., B\u00f6llinghaus, I., Gamer, M., & Glucksman, E. (2010). Early heart rate responses to standardized trauma-related pictures predict posttraumatic stress disorder \u2013 a prospective study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72<\/em>, 302-310. doi:10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181d07db8.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., Cleare, A. J., & Glucksman, E. (2008). Do acute psychological and psychobiological responses to trauma predict subsequent symptom severities of PTSD and depression? Psychiatry Research<\/i>, 161<\/i>(1), 67\u201375.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2008). Do Cognitive Models Help in Predicting the Severity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Phobia, and Depression After Motor Vehicle Accidents? A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/i>, 76<\/i>(2), 219\u2013230. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Frank, S., & Ehlers, A. (2008). The role of rumination and reduced concreteness in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, <\/em>488-506.<\/em> doi: 10.1007\/s10608-006-9089-7.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iversen, A.C., Fear, N.T., Ehlers, A., Hacker Hughes, J., Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., Greenberg, N., Rona, R., Wessely, S., & Hotopf, M. (2008) Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychological Medicine, <\/em>38, 511-522.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2008). Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity Predicts Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Recent Trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/i>, 76<\/i>(2), 231\u2013242. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Kleim, B., Clark, D.M., Foa, E.B., & Ehlers, A. (2007). Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder: What combination of symptoms predicts best? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, <\/em>1004-1012<\/mark>.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2007). Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors. Psychological Medicine<\/i>, 37<\/i>(10), 1457\u20131467. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael, T., Halligan, S., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2007). Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, <\/em>307-317.<\/em><\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael, T., Ehlers, A., Halligan, S., & Clark, D.M. (2005). Unwanted memories of assault: What intrusion characteristics predict PTSD? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43,<\/em> 613-628.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bryant, B., Mayou, R.A., Wiggs, L., Ehlers, A., Day, A. & Stores, G. (2004). Psychological consequences of road traffic accidents for children and their mothers. Psychological Medicine<\/em>, 34<\/em>, 335-346.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2003).  Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: the role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71<\/em>, 419-431.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mayou, R.A., Ehlers, A., & Bryant, B. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: 3-year follow-up of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40<\/em>, 665-675.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murray, J., Ehlers, A. & Mayou, R.A. (2002). Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180<\/em>, 363-368.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dunmore, E., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective study of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39<\/em>, 1063-1084.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Mayou, R.A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic PTSD after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107<\/em>, 508-519.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cross-sectional studies of cognitions in PTSD<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sachschal, J., Woodward, E., & Ehlers, A. (2019). Appraisal biases about strangers in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43<\/em>, 247-258.  DOI: 10.1007\/s10608-018-9962-1<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woodward, E., Sachschal, J. & Ehlers, A. (2019). Night-time rumination in PTSD: Development and validation of a brief measure. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 10(<\/em>1),1651476, DOI: 10.1080\/20008198.2019.1672948.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alberici, A. Claxton, J., Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Ehlers, A., Dixon, D., & McKinnon, A. (2018). The preliminary development and validation of a trauma-related safety-seeking-seeking behaviour measure for youth: the Child Safety Behaviour Scale (CSBS). Journal of Traumatic Stress.<\/em> DOI: 10.1002\/jts.22332<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Graham, B., Fihosy, S., Stott, R. and Ehlers, A (2013) Reduced Specificity in episodic future thinking in PTSD, Clinical Psychological Science,<\/em> 2, 2, 165-173<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Graham, B., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2013). Capturing Intrusive Re-experiencing in Trauma Survivors\u2019 Daily Lives Using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/i>, 122<\/i>(4), 998\u20131009. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Sch\u00f6nfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry<\/em>, 42<\/em>, 225-232. doi: 10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.003. PMCID: PMC3042595<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Gonzalo, D., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ):  Development of a short self-report measure of depressogenic attributions. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, <\/em>375-382.<\/em> doi: 10.1007\/s10862-011-9234-9. PMCID: PMC3143342<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

White, M., McManus, F., & Ehlers, A. (2008). An investigation of whether patients with post-traumatic stress disorder overestimate the probability and cost of future negative events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders<\/i>, 22<\/i>(7), 1244\u20131254. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evans, C., Ehlers, A., Mezey, G., & Clark, D.M. (2007). Intrusive memories in perpetrators of violent crime: Emotions and cognitions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, <\/em>134-144.  <\/em><\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evans, C., Ehlers, A., Mezey, G., & Clark, D.M. (2007). Intrusive memories and ruminations related to violent crime among young offenders: phenomenological characteristics. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, <\/em>183-196.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael, T. & Ehlers, A. (2007). Enhanced perceptual priming for neutral stimuli occurring in a traumatic context: Two experimental investigations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, <\/em>341-358.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sch\u00f6nfeld, S., Ehlers, A., B\u00f6llinghaus, I., & Rief, W. (2007). Overgeneral memory and suppression of trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder. Memory, 15, <\/em>339-352.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speckens, A, Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Ruths, F. & Clark, D.M. (2007).  Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a phenomenological comparison. Memory, 15, <\/em>249-257.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Ehlers, A. & Glucksman, E.  (2006). Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/em>, 44<\/em>, 1699-1716.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halligan, S.L., Michael, T., Wilhelm, F., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2006). Reduced heart rate responding to trauma reliving in trauma survivors with PTSD: correlates and consequences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19<\/em>, 721-734.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sch\u00f6nfeld, S. & Ehlers, A. (2006). Overgeneral memory extends to pictorial retrieval cues and correlates with cognitive features in posttraumatic stress disorder. Emotion, <\/em>6, 611-622.<\/strong><\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali, T.,Dunmore, E.,Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2002). The role of negative beliefs in posttraumatic stress disorder: a comparison of assault victims and non-victims. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30<\/em>, 249-257<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Maercker, A. & Boos, A. (2000). PTSD following political imprisonment: The role of mental defeat, alienation, and permanent change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109<\/em>, 45-55.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Steil, R. & Ehlers, A. (2000). Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 38<\/em>, 537-558.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clohessy, S. & Ehlers, A. (1999). PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories, and coping in ambulance service workers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38<\/em>, 251-265.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dunmore, E., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (1999). Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37<\/em>, 809-829.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foa, E.B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Tolin, D., & Orsillo, S. (1999). The Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI). Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11<\/em>, 303-314.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wenninger, K. & Ehlers, A. (1998). Dysfunctional cognitions and adult psychological functioning in child sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11<\/em>, 281-300.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dunmore, E., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (1997). Cognitive factors in persistent vs. recovered post-traumatic stress disorder after physical or sexual assault: A pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25<\/em>, 147-159.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experimental studies<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sachschal, J., Woodward, E., Wichelmann, J., Haag, K., & Ehlers, A. (2019). Differential effects of poor recall and memory disjointedness on trauma symptoms. Clinical Psychological Science. <\/em>DOI: 10.1177\/2167702619847195<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lommen, M.J.J., Duta, M., Vanbrabant, K., de Jong, R., Juechems, K., & Ehlers, A. (2017). Training discrimination diminishes maladaptive avoidance of innocuous stimuli in a fear conditioning paradigm. PLOS ONE,12th<\/sup> October 2017, DOI:  10.1371\/journal.pone.0184485<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sch\u00f6nfeld, S. & Ehlers, A. (2017) PTSD and autobiographical memories in everyday life, Clinical Psychological Science, 5, 2, 325-340<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geddes, G., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. (2016). Hallucinations in the months after a trauma: An investigation of the role of cognitive processing of a physical assault in the occurrence of hallucinatory experiences. Psychiatry Research<\/i>, 246<\/i>, 601\u2013605. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

McKinnon, A., Meiser\u2010Stedman, R., Watson, P., Dixon, C., Kassam\u2010Adams, N., Ehlers, A., \u2026 Dalgleish, T. (2016). The latent structure of Acute Stress Disorder symptoms in trauma\u2010exposed children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines<\/i>, 57<\/i>(11), 1308\u20131316. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duffy, M., McDermott, M., Percy, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Fitzgerald, M., & Moriarty, J. (2015). The effects of the Omagh bomb on adolescent mental health: a school-based study. BMC Psychiatry<\/i>, 15<\/i>, 18. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stark, E. A., Parsons C.E., Van Hartevelt T.J., Charquero Ballester M., McManners H., Ehlers A., Stein A., & Kringelbach M.L. (2015). Post-traumatic stress influences the brain even in the absence of symptoms: A systematic, quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 56, 207-221. <\/em>doi: 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.07.007<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zetsche, U., Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2009). The effects of rumination on mood and intrusive memories after exposure to traumatic material: An experimental study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry<\/i>, 40<\/i>(4), 499\u2013514. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcndermann, O., Hauschildt, M., & Ehlers, A. (2013). Perceptual processing during trauma, priming and the development of intrusive memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry<\/i>, 44<\/i>(2), 213\u2013220.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonzalo, D., Kleim, B., Donaldson, C., Moorey, S., & Ehlers, A. (2012). How Disorder-Specific are Depressive Attributions? A Comparison of Individuals with Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Healthy Controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research<\/i>, 36<\/i>(6), 731\u2013739. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Griffith, J. W., Kleim, B., Sumner, J. A., & Ehlers, A. (2012). The Factor Structure of the Autobiographical Memory Test in Recent Trauma Survivors. Psychological Assessment<\/i>, 24<\/i>(3), 640\u2013646. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evans, C., Mezey, G., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Amnesia for violent crime among young offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology<\/i>, 20<\/i>(1), 85\u2013106. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

R.V. Handley, P.M. Salkovskis, P. Scragg, A. Ehlers (2009) Clinically significant avoidance of public transport following the London bombings: travel phobia or subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, pp. 1170-1176<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttrauma depression and PTSD in assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress<\/i>, 22<\/i>(1), 45\u201352. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zetsche, U., Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2009). The effects of rumination on mood and intrusive memories after exposure to traumatic material: An experimental study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry<\/i>, 40<\/i>(4), 499\u2013514. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleim, B., Wallott, F., & Ehlers, A. (2008). Are Trauma Memories Disjointed from other Autobiographical Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? An Experimental Investigation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy<\/i>, 36<\/i>(2), 221\u2013234. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehring, T., Frank, S., & Ehlers, A. (2008). The Role of Rumination and Reduced Concreteness in the Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Following Trauma. Cognitive Therapy and Research<\/i>, 32<\/i>(4), 488\u2013506. <\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meiser-Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Smith, P., Yule, W., Bryant, B., Ehlers, A., Mayou, R.M., Kassam-Adams, N., & Winston, F. (2007). Dissociative symptoms and the acute stress disorder diagnosis in child and adolescent motor vehicle survivors: A replication of Harvey & Bryant (1999). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, <\/em>359-364.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehlers, A., Michael, T., Chen, Y.P., Payne, E., & Shan, S. (2006). Enhanced perceptual priming for neutral stimuli in a traumatic context: A pathway to intrusive memories? Memory, 14, <\/em>316-328.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael, T., Ehlers, A. & Halligan, S.L. (2005). Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Emotion, 5, <\/em>103-112.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halligan, S.L., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2002). Cognitive processing, memory, and the development of PTSD symptoms: two experimental analogue studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33<\/em>, 73-89.<\/mark><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theoretical Papers Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Steil, R., Clohessy, S., Wenninger, K., & Winter, H. (2002). The nature of intrusive memories after trauma: The warning signal hypothesis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 995\u20131002. Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-469","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9BYdm-7z","jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=469"}],"version-history":[{"count":73,"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28622,"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/469\/revisions\/28622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxcadatresources.com\/ukr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}